<?php

use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExceptionMockTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testMockException() : void
    {
        $mock = $this->createMock('Fooable');
        $mock->expects($this->once())
            ->method('connect')
            ->willThrowException(new Exception('Expected Exception was thrown'));
        
        $mock->connect();
    }
}

interface Fooable
{
    public function connect();
}

Time: 00:00.006, Memory: 18.00 MB

There was 1 error:

1) ExceptionMockTest::testMockException
Expected Exception was thrown

PhpunitExec.php:21

ERRORS!
Tests: 1, Assertions: 0, Errors: 1.

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PHP 8.2, Laminas MVC 3.2, Symfony 5.2, Laravel 8.28, PHPUnit 9.5, Doctrine ORM 2.8